Social Perception and Impression Formation

This entry explores the psychological and sociological processes involved in how individuals form impressions and perceptions of others, and the factors influencing these evaluations.

Attribution Theory

A framework for understanding how individuals explain the causes of events and behaviors. Discusses internal vs. external attributions, fundamental attribution error, and actor-observer bias. Explores how attributions shape subsequent judgments.

Impression Management

Also known as self-presentation, this outlines the conscious and unconscious efforts individuals make to control the impressions others form of them. Includes tactics such as ingratiation, self-promotion, exemplification, intimidation, and supplication.

Social Cognition

Examines how people process, store, and apply information about others and social situations. Covers topics like schemas, heuristics, and biases that impact social judgment. Details how cognitive biases affect the accuracy and efficiency of person perception.

Factors Influencing Person Perception

• Physical Appearance: The role of attractiveness stereotypes and other visual cues.
• Nonverbal Communication: The impact of body language, facial expressions, tone of voice, and gestures.
• First Impressions: The primacy effect and the lasting influence of initial encounters.
• Stereotypes and Prejudice: How pre-existing beliefs and attitudes shape perceptions and judgments.
• Situational Context: The effect of the environment and social setting on interpretation.

Accuracy and Bias in Social Perception

An examination of the challenges in forming accurate impressions. Includes discussion of confirmation bias, self-fulfilling prophecies, and the limitations of relying on limited information.

The Self-Concept and Reflected Appraisals

Explores the role of social feedback and interaction in shaping an individual's self-perception. Examines the concept of the "looking-glass self" and how perceived evaluations from others contribute to self-esteem and identity.