Gingival Hemorrhage During Oral Hygiene Practices

The Gingiva: Structure and Function

Description of the gingiva (gums) as part of the oral mucosa, including its different types (attached, marginal, and interdental) and its role in protecting the teeth and underlying tissues. Emphasis on healthy gingival characteristics: pink color, firm texture, and stippling.

Etiology of Gingival Inflammation

Explanation of the inflammatory process in the gingiva, primarily initiated by bacterial plaque accumulation at or below the gum line. This includes details about the immune response and the role of inflammatory mediators.

Plaque and Calculus Formation

Details about the formation of dental plaque as a biofilm composed of bacteria, saliva components, and food debris. Explanation of how plaque can calcify to form calculus (tartar), which further irritates the gingiva.

Gingivitis

Comprehensive explanation of gingivitis, the earliest stage of periodontal disease. Covers its reversible nature upon proper oral hygiene and professional intervention.

Factors Predisposing to Gingival Sensitivity and Bleeding

• Poor Oral Hygiene: Inadequate or infrequent tooth brushing and flossing, allowing plaque accumulation.
• Improper Brushing Technique: Overly aggressive brushing or using a hard-bristled toothbrush, traumatizing the gingival tissues.
• Systemic Conditions: Diabetes, hormonal changes (pregnancy, puberty, menopause), and certain autoimmune disorders can increase susceptibility to gingival inflammation.
• Nutritional Deficiencies: Lack of vitamin C or vitamin K can impair tissue repair and blood clotting, increasing the likelihood.
• Medications: Some medications, such as anticoagulants, can increase the tendency to bleed.
• Smoking: Impairs the immune response and reduces blood flow to the gingiva.
• Certain Blood Disorders: Conditions affecting platelet count or function can manifest as gingival issues.
• Dental Appliances: Ill-fitting dentures, bridges, or orthodontic appliances can irritate the gums.

Periodontitis

Explanation of periodontitis, an advanced stage of periodontal disease characterized by irreversible damage to the supporting structures of the teeth (bone and periodontal ligament). Includes discussion of pocket formation, bone loss, and tooth mobility.

Diagnosis and Management

Overview of diagnostic procedures used to assess gingival health, including visual examination, probing depths, and radiographic evaluation. Discussion of treatment options, such as scaling and root planing, improved oral hygiene instruction, and surgical interventions in advanced cases.